1: Æthelmearc, Kingdom of - New Heraldic Title
OSCAR finds the name registered exactly as it appears in January of 1998, via Æthelmearc.
Nesselblatt Herald
Client requests authenticity for Middle-High German, 13th
14th centuries.
This title is meant to follow the pattern of Heraldic Titles taken from heraldic charges.
Nesselblatt - Bruce Draconarius of Mistholme & Akagawa Yoshio, A Pictorial Dictionary of Heraldry, s.v. Nesselblatt, state, "A nesselblatt is a highly stylized nettle leaf; it is found in German heraldry, c. 1350, in the arms of the Counts von Holstein.
German Wikipedia, s.v. Nesselblatt [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesselblatt] states in part:
Das Nesselblatt ist in der Heraldik die stilisierte Darstellung eines Blatts der Brennnessel…Das gezackte Blatt wird allerdings erstmals um 1420 von König Erich von Dänemark als Nesselblatt bezeichnet.
[Translation: The Nesselblatt is, in heraldry, a stylized representation of a leaf of the stinging nettle...The jagged leaf is first c. 1420 under King Erich of Denmark described as Nesselblatt.]
Herald of Record: Alheydis von Korckhingen, Garnet Herald
2: Æthelmearc, Kingdom of - New Heraldic Title
OSCAR finds the name registered exactly as it appears in January of 1998, via Æthelmearc.
Tabor Herald
Language (English) most important.
This is meant to model heraldic titles taken from heraldic charges. The spelling tabor is preferred.
Tabor - OED, 1933 edition, vol. XI, p. 13, s.v. Tabor, tabour, gives the primary meaning as: The earlier name of the drum; in later use (esp. since the introduction of the name drum in the 16th c.), A small kind of drum, used chiefly as an accompaniment to the pipe or trumpet; a taborin or tabret. Dated usages include: 1290: "Of bellene ande of tabours so gret was þe soun"; 1297: "Of trompes & of tabors þe sarazins made þere So gret noyse"; c. 1460 "Ther was myche menstralse, Trommpus, tabours, and sawtre"; 1523: "Than the kyng mounted on his horse, and entred into the towne with trumpets, tabours"; 1610: "Then I beate my Tabor, At which like vnback't colts they prickt their eares." The spelling tabor is preferred.
In support of the tabor as a period charge, precedent states:
Fortunately, the instrument is indistinguishable from a tambour or tabor, which can be documented at least to Tudor times. Indeed, O Súilleabháin notes that the bodhrán is called a tambourine in Kerry, and its player a tambourine tipper. We have no qualms, then, in using a more readily accessible and provably period term for the charge in chief. [Cynthia Mairin of the Wilde Wode, LoAR, June, 1993, Per bend vert and argent, a tambour argent, framed of wood, and a wooden drop spindle proper threaded vert.]
Herald of Record: Alheydis von Korckhingen, Garnet Herald
3: Æthelmearc, Kingdom of - New Heraldic Title
OSCAR finds the name registered exactly as it appears in January of 1998, via Æthelmearc.
White Conye Herald
Language (English) most important.
This is meant to model heraldic titles taken from heraldic charges.
Conye - Conye - The OED, Vol. II, p. 955, s.v. Cony gives the following meanings: 1. A rabbit: formerly the proper and ordinary name, but now superseded in general use by rabbit, which was originally a name for the young only…; c. It is also the name in Heraldry. In meaning 1, the submitted spelling is dated to 1440. The plural conyes is dated to 1381. In heraldic use, dated usages are given as: c. 1610: …three Argent, three Conies, Sable; 1641: 3 Conies current argent.
Parker, s.v. Hare states:
Hare: the Hare (fr. lièvre). as also the rabbit (fr. lapin), always blazoned coney (and in one case the leveret), are not infrequent in coats of arms, but, so far as has been observed, there are no rules followed as to distinct drawing of these varieties.
and lists: Argent, on a fesse nebuly sable three hare's heads couped or--HAREWELL, Bp. of Bath and Wells, 1366-86.
White - White - The Corpus and Middle English Prose and Verse, [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/c/cme/] cites Three Kings of Cologne : an early English translation of the "Historia Trium Regum", Joannes, of Hildesheim, d. 1375. (Millwood, N.Y.: Kraus Reprint, 1988) and counts four occurrences of the submitted spelling in Middle English context.
Herald of Record: Alheydis von Korckhingen, Garnet Herald
4: Ariella of Thornbury - New Badge
OSCAR finds the name registered exactly as it appears in January of 2000, via Æthelmearc.
Argent, in pale two hearts gules winged Or.
Herald of Record: Elsbeth Anne Roth
5: Cainder ingen Chonchobair - New Device
OSCAR finds the name registered exactly as it appears in March of 2009, via Æthelmearc.
Gules, on a shamrock argent a thistle proper.
This is a kingdom-level resubmission.
The submitter's previous submission of Argent, a saltire gules between in fess a thistle proper and a shamrock vert was returned at kingdom for conflict with both Fitzgerald, Argent, a saltire gules, and Ireland, Ancient, Argent, a saltire gules.
Herald of Record: Caitlin ni Mhaolchonaire
6: Desiderata Drake - Resub Device
OSCAR finds the name registered exactly as it appears in January of 2007, via Æthelmearc.
Azure, in a pale a duck's head and two swords in saltire, on a chief wavy argent, three hearts gules.
Her previous device submission, Azure, in pale a duck's head and two swords in saltire, on a chief wavy argent three hearts gules enflamed proper, was returned by Laurel in July, 2009, for problems issuing from the enflaming of the hearts. This problem has been solved by removing the flames. No conflicts were noted at that time.
Herald of Record: Alheydis von Korckhingen, Garnet Herald
7: Duncan von Halstern - New Badge
OSCAR finds the name registered exactly as it appears in November of 2006, via Æthelmearc.
Per pale purpure and sable, a lion rampant and a bordure argent
His previous submission, Per pale purpure and sable, a lion rampant argent, was returned at Kingdom, in September 2009, for numerous conflicts. The addition of the bordure should clear the conflicts.
Herald of Record: Alheydis von Korckhingen, Garnet Herald
8: Edward Harbinger - New Household Name & New Badge
OSCAR finds the name registered exactly as it appears in November of 2005, via Æthelmearc.
House of the Woolf and Thymble
[Fieldless] A wolf's head sable sustaining in its mouth a thimble argent
Language (English) most important.
Follows the pattern of inn names as suggested for household names in RfS III.2.b.iv.
Mari Elspeth nic Bryan, "English Sign Names" [http://www.s-gabriel.org/names/mari/inn/] lists both "Things" and "Animals" as forms seen in sign names and dates the pattern <animal>+<thing> to James I (Bear and Harrow).
House - The Corpus and Middle English Prose and Verse, [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/c/cme/] cites Three Kings of Cologne : an early English translation of the "Historia Trium Regum", Joannes, of Hildesheim, d. 1375. (Millwood, N.Y.: Kraus Reprint, 1988) and counts seven occurrences of the submitted spelling house in Middle English context.
Woolf - The Corpus and Middle English Prose and Verse, [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/c/cme/] cites The Holy Bible, containing the Old and New Testaments, with the Apocryphal books, Wycliffe, John, d. 1384., Forshall, Josiah, 1795-1863., Madden, Frederic, 1801-1873. (Oxford: University press, 1850.) which transcribes Wycliffe's annotation to I John 3:5 in part, "if a woolf entrith the floc to corumpe it in feith and vertues"
Thymble The OED, 1933 ed., Vol. XI, p. 305,s.v. Thimble, dates the submitted spelling to c. 1440 with the meaning, "A bell shaped sheath of metal (formerly of leather) worn on the end of the finger to push the needle in sewing."
This is close to, but clear of Leidhrun Leidolfsdottir (9/92, Ansteorra): Per fess paly azure and argent and argent, in base a wolf's head couped sable. We have the zen cd for fieldlessness; however, there is no cd for couped v erased. Thus, an additional cd is necessary. We feel that the thimble is large enough to be treated as a sustained secondary charge, as opposed to being treated a maintained charge (and thus not be counted for difference). As per the September, 2008, cover letter, a sustained seconday charge can be counted as a cd.
Herald of Record: Alheydis von Korckhingen, Garnet Herald
9: Elss von Augsburg - New Name & New Device
Per pale gules and Or, in fess two fleurs-de-lys counterchanged.
Submitter desires a feminine name.
No major changes.
Language (German) most important.
Elss - Aryanhwy merch Catmael (Sara L. Uckelman), "Women's Surnames in 15th- and 16th-Century Germany" [http://www.ellipsis.cx/~liana/names/german/womenssurnames.html] dates Elß Lonnyn to Baden-Württemberg in 1495. The letter ß is a ligatur of two letters s.
von - German preposition meaning "from" or "of"
Augsburg - Aryanhwy merch Catmael (Sara L. Uckelman), "German Place Names from a 16th C Czech Register: Modern to medieval index" [http://www.ellipsis.cx/~liana/names/german/modernperiod.html] lists Augsburg as the modern form with Augspurg as the corresponding North Bavarian dialectic spelling. The same source lists Koburg, Presburg and Wurtzburg as 16th c. spellings of placenames for which the modern spelling also ends with -burg.
Siebmacher, fol. 10 lists Avgspvrg in the upper corner.
Herald of Record: Elsbeth Anne Roth
10: Giovanna Elisabetta Cellini - Resub Device
OSCAR finds the name registered exactly as it appears in July of 2008, via Æthelmearc.
Purpure, on a pile between two lions Or, a cross bottony purpure
Her original device submission, Purpure, four bendlets enhanced and in bend two lions Or, was returned by Laurel in July, 2008, for conflict with the device of Cynan Gould, Quarterly azure and argent, in bend two lions rampant Or. The resubmission is completely redesigned.
Herald of Record: Alheydis von Korckhingen, Garnet Herald
11: Ian Damebrigge of Wychwood - New Device Change
OSCAR finds the name registered exactly as it appears in December of 1992, via the East.
Per saltire Or and vert, on a pale cotised sable a crescent and overall an owl rising wings displayed and inverted argent.
Old Item: Per saltire argent and Or, on a pale endorsed
sable in chief a crescent Or., to be retained.
The submitter's old device was registered in April of 1996 (via the East).
Herald of Record: Alheydis von Körckhingen
12: Ian Damebrigge of Wychwood - New Badge Change
OSCAR finds the name registered exactly as it appears in December of 1992, via the East.
(Fieldless) On the bowl of a spoon inverted argent a blackletter miniscule h sable.
Old Item: (Fieldless) On the bowl of a spoon argent a
blackletter miniscule h sable., to be released.
The submitter's old badge was registered in January of 2004 (via AEthelmearc).
Herald of Record: Alheydis von Körckhingen
13: Ian of the Debatable Lands - New Name & New Device
Per pale azure and Or, a duck naiant counterchanged.
Submitter desires a masculine name.
Meaning most important.
Ian - This is the submitter's legal given name. A copy of the submitter's birth certificate, issued by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is included.
Debatable Lands - SCA Branch Name, Debatable Lands, Barony-Marche of the, was registered in December of 1975.
Herald of Record: Elsbeth Anne Roth
14: Lasairfhíona inghean Uí Ceallaigh - New Name
Submitter desires a feminine name.
This is a kingdom-level resubmission. The submitter's previous submission of Lasairíona Ó Ceallaigh was returned at kingdom for using the modern form of the femininate given name in combination with a masculine formation of the patronym.
Lasairfhíona - Mari Elspeth nic Bryan, "Index of Names in Irish Annals: Lasairfhíona" [http://www.medievalscotland.org/kmo/AnnalsIndex/Feminine/Lasairfhiona.shtml] gives Lasairfhíona as the normalized Early Modern Irish Gaelic (c1200-c1700) form of this feminine given name and counts 11 individuals of the name in the years 1239 to 1527.
inghean Uí - Sharon L. Krossa, "Quick and Easy Gaelic Names", under Clan Affiliation Bynames [http://www.medievalscotland.org/scotnames/quickgaelicbynames/#clanaffiliationbyname] states:
The standard way to form a name using an Irish clan affiliation byname for women is: <single given name> inghean Uí <eponymous clan ancestor's name (in genitive case & always lenited unless starting with a vowel)> which means <given name> daughter of a male descendant <of eponymous clan ancestor>.
Ceallaigh - Mari Elspeth nic Bryan, "Index of Names in Irish Annals: Cellach / Ceallach" [http://www.medievalscotland.org/kmo/AnnalsIndex/Masculine/Cellach.shtml] gives Ceallaigh as the normalized Early Modern Irish Gaelic (c1200-c1700) genitive form of this masculine given name and counts 14 individuals of the name in the years 658 to 1376.
Herald of Record: Alheydis von Körckhingen
15: Myskia Náttfara - New Name
Submitter desires a feminine name.
Language (Norse) most important.
Myskia - Lena Peterson, Nordiskt runnamnslexicon, s.n. Myskia, lists three occurrences of the name, two dated to the Viking Age (transcribed: nominative muskia and genitive musku) and one dated to 1010-1050 (transcribed: nominative mus:kia). The submitter prefers the submitted (header) form.
Náttfari - Lena Peterson, Nordiskt runnamnslexicon, s.n. Náttfari, counts one occurrence of the name dated 1020-1050 used in a nominative setting, apparently as a given name (transcribed: natfari). However, the name itself is descriptive in nature. The meaning given is translated as "someone who goes out at night", perhaps with supernatural associations. In the sagas, it is not uncommon to find persons referred to solely by their descriptive bynames, so we proposed that it is possible that náttfari is a descriptive byname used alone in this cited inscription. If this is plausible, then the submitter prefers to register Náttfara as the feminine form, but will accept, if neccessary for registration, the patronym Náttfaradóttir.
Náttfara - Geirr Bassi, p. 19, states that the feminine form of a masculine weak adjectives are formed by changing the ending -i to -a.
Náttfaradóttir - Geirr Bassi, p. 17, states that the genitive case of names ending with -i is formed by changing the ending -i to -a The patronymic suffix -dóttir is then added to the genitive case stem.
Herald of Record: Alheydis von Körckhingen
16: Riversedge, Shire of - New Device
OSCAR finds the name registered exactly as it appears in February of 2004, via Æthelmearc.
Or, on a bend wavy cotised azure a laurel wreath palewise Or.
The group's senechal has provided a signed petition documenting unanymous support of the officer's and majority support of the populace as required by the Administrative Handbook section IV.C.5.
Herald of Record: Alheydis von Körckhingen
17: Solveig Throndardottir - New Household Name & New Branch Name
The Fellows and Poor Scholars of Minerva Hall
Sable, on a pale Or between two fasces argent bladed Or and banded gules an owl rising wings displayed sable.
Meaning (wants group named after Minerva) most important.
The submitter's primary name was registered in November of 1990 (via the East).
Note that the submitter originally wanted "…of Minerva College", but because the term "college" is reserved as a Society group designator, has selected "Hall" as an alternative.
Hall - Mari Elspeth nic Bryan (Kathleen M. O'Brien) and Juliana de Luna (Julia Smith), Names of English Colleges [http://www.medievalscotland.org/kmo/Colleges/Colleges.shtml] lists numerous colleges of the patterns <Saint Name> Hall; <Founder> Hall; and <Other Religious Reference> Hall. Other religious references (in combination with either Hall or College) include: Trinity, Christ, All Souls, Corpus Christi, Jesus [spellings here modernized].
Fellows/Scholars - RfS III.2.b states: "... household names must consist of a designator that identifies the type of entity and at least one descriptive element." sub-paragraph iv further states: "Household names must follow the patterns of period names of organized groups of people. Possible models include Scottish clans (Clan Domhnaill ), ruling dynasties ( House of Anjou ), professional guilds ( Bakers Guild of Augsburg , Worshipful Company of Coopers ), military units ( The White Company ), and inns ( House of the White Hart ).
While all these designators are collective nouns in the singular (house, guild, company, etc.), "Project Ordensnamen" By Meradudd Cethin[http://heraldry.sca.org/laurel/names/order/] includes period examples of orders that make use of a plural designator, including: Poor Soldiers of Christ, Angelical Knights, Argonauts of St. Nicholas, Brothers of Jubilation, Nobles of Catalonia, and (Friars) Preachers. Thus, both "fellows" and "scholars" seem acceptable as group designators for Society purposes.
Paul Monroe, A cyclopedia of education (1915) (New York : The Macmillan Co.) [http://www.archive.org/details/cyclopediaofeduc02monr], s.v. College, p. 53, states in part:
[speaking of medieval houses of poor scholars] ...The example set by Joyce of London was followed at the Hospital of St. Thomas the Martyr (Becket), also a Londoner, near the Louvre, by Robert, Count of Dreux, in 1186, he providing a separate building in the hospital known as the " House of the Poor Scholars of the Louvre." In 1209 Peter of Nemours, Bishop of Paris, in what was afterwards known as the College of St. Honored, founded beds for thirteen poor scholars, under the wardenship of a canon of St. Honore. This too was only called the House of the Poor Scholars of St. Honored Similarly, the St. Nicholas Louvre College in 1247, the Oriental College founded by direction of Pope Innocent IV, in 1248, the great College of the Sorbonne, which ultimately swallowed up the University itself, founded by Roberts of Sorbonne, canon of Paris, in 1257, the Treasurers College, founded by a treasurer of Rouen Cathedral in 1266, and the College of Navarre, founded by the Queen of Navarre and France in 1304, were all called, not colleges, but houses of Poor Scholars.
Ibid., s.v. Fellow, pp. 591-591 states:
In the original English usage the term " fellow " was used in the universities of Cambridge and Oxford as equivalent to the Latin sodus...In the statutes of Merton College, Oxford, followed by many other colleges, the founder decreed that the college was to be called the House of the Scholars of Merton...Throughout these quotations from the Merton Statutes, it will be seen that the students are "scholars" in relation to the college, and "fellows" in relation to one another.
Minerva - Paul Monroe, A cyclopedia of education (1915) (New York : The Macmillan Co.) [http://www.archive.org/details/cyclopediaofeduc02monr], s.v. College, p. 51, states in part:
[speaking of guilds in other organizations in the late Roman period] ...Livy mentions the college of merchants in 493 B.C., while Horace, in a famous line in his Satires (I, ii, 1) speaks, partly by a sort of metaphor, partly by a sort of jest, of the colleges of ballet girls. Under the Empire the term became identical in meaning with the medieval guild. The law put restrictions on the functions of these associations, and license was needed for them as it was in medieval times...Many of the colleges which appear in the later Roman inscriptions all over the Empire were, like the medieval religious guilds, chiefly burial and benefit clubs. By a strange chance, the guild halls of these colleges came to be called schools (schola), a name no doubt derived from the educational guilds, such as Plato's Academy, which were endowed colleges... Many of these guilds were known by the names of their patron god, and Jupiter College and Diana College anticipated and indirectly originated the Jesus Colleges and St. Mary Colleges of Oxford and Cambridge.
The Academy: A Weekly Review of Literature, Science, and Art, Vol. XVIII, July - December, 1880 (London), "Archaeological Discoveries in Lombardy and Venice", p. 241-242, notes the discovery of a tablet inscription documenting the Collegium Fabrum which met in schola deae Minervae Augustae [in the college of the goddess Minerva Augusta] in the year 256 AD.
In support of such a complex pattern describing a group of people, Duncan Macquarrie, Period Documents Online, "Naming the Honourable Artillery Company" [http://victoria.tc.ca/~tgodwin//duncanweb/documents/hacname.html] lists numerous names by which a London military group was known and includes "Maisters and Rulers and Cominalitie of the Fraternitie or Guylde of Artillary of Longbowes, Crossbowes and Handegonnes" dates to 1537 in a royal charter.
Herald of Record: Alheydis von Körckhingen
18: Tafrara n Dukkala - New Name Change From Holding Name
Old Item: Frances of Misty Highlands, to be released.
Submitter desires a feminine name.
Language (Amazigh; NOT Islamic) most important.
Culture (Amazigh; NOT Islamic) most important.
The submitter's prior submission of Tafrara N Doukkala was returned by Laurel in March 2009 with the following commentary:
This name was intended to be an Amazigh Berber name. The submitter provided quite a bit of information on contemporary Amazigh Berber names; we would like to compliment her on the work that she has done. However, as Loyall notes:The submitter has done some interesting research and clearly appreciates the complexities of her topic, but she hasn't met the basic requirement of SCA registration: that is, she hasn't shown that the elements of her name were used in our period. I don't know whether records of early Berber names from non-Islamic contexts exist. The submitter might also need to provide information about her culture's contact with Western Europe in our period.While the submitted name appears appropriate for modern Amazigh Berber culture, given the information provided by the submitter, this does not necessarily mean that it is appropriate for a medieval Berber. Unfortunately, without evidence that the elements of her name were used in Amazigh Berber culture before 1600, this name does not meet the requirements laid out in RfS I.1 Compatibility.
Siren notes that "There are lots of Berbers in al-Andalus, including the leaders of the Almoravid and Almohad dynasties. While most have Arab names, some have names that are linguistically Berber. In my "Andalusian Names: Arabs in Spain" I include several "Magribi" (Berber) names." This shows that there was contact between the Berbers and Western Europe in our period. We recommend the submitter consult Siren's article for further information on period Berber names.
The submitter has supplied, via a lengthy e-mail additional arguement in support of her prior submission. The main points of her arguement are:
1. From the time of Roman influence until the Arab invasion in the mid-7th c., there was no significant cultural influences on the Berber (other than themselves and other familiar adversaries in their region) so it is reasonable to assume the naming convention did not change until after Arabization.
2. Berber names pre-Arabization did not carry a patronymic surname. Berber simply called themselves by their given name and if further clarification were needed identified themselves by ethnonym indicating locale/tribe (many tribal names are the location they inhabited and vice versa).
The submitter then lists three internet resources, which may be summarized as follows:
WikiIslam, "History of Jihad Against the Berbers" recounts the persistence of Berber resistance to foreign rule, but also lists numerous foreign invaders:
[T]hey managed to maintain their culture, their Hamitic languages, and considerable military power during successive invasions of their land. In ancient times, North Africa had been colonized by the Phoenicians (who became the Carthaginians), they were followed by the Romans, the Vandals (one of the Germanic tribes that destroyed the Roman Empire), the Byzantines, and finally the Arabs. Other foreigners, notably Greeks and Jews, also ruled parts of ancient North Africa at different times.Notably, the history of the famed 7th c. resistance leader, Kahina, is described as "controversial" in that her ethnicity as either Berber or Jewess is uncertain. Support is given for a Hebrew origin of her name. The article describes an on-going Jewish presence during SCA period.
http://www.experiencefestival.com/berber_-_religions_and_beliefs, is apparently a gateway index to articles about Berber culture.
Minorities and the state in the Arab world by Ofra Bengio, Gabriel Ben-Dor is given as a resource at Google Books. [http://books.google.com/books?id=C_pAFwXXSZgC]. Unfortunately, the section on Berbers is unavailable in the preview.
The submitter then states:
However some examples of documented names during the height of roman influence are:
Terentius Afri ( Afer in Berber )( 185 BC- 159 BC): "Terence's ethnonym Afer suggests he lived in the territory of the Libyan tribe called by the Romans Afri near Carthage"
Augustine Of Thegaste (note the roman influence in the given name)
Jugurtha Of Numedia (160 - 104 BC) (a king of Numedia, note not even royalty used patronymic surname)
Masinissa Of Numedia (c. 240 or 238 BC - c. 148 BC) (Numidia was an ancient Berber kingdom in North Africa)
Apuleis Of Maduros (123 A.D - 180)
Dehia the Kahina (kahina meaning roughly prophetess) (572-702??) was a female tribal leader who led a rebellion against the occupying Arabs. Of importance, In Berber fashion she used her given name with no patronymic. She is one of the few females that documentation exists of from the early Arab invasion, namely because her exploits were recorded by non Arabs.
In support of the above, the submitter offers five online resources:
Kabylia info, "Terentius Afer ( Afer in Berber )( 185 BC- 159 BC) : The Youngest Famous Berber Dramatist" [http://www.kabylia.info/terentius-afer-afer-berber-185-bc-159-bc-youngest-famous-berber-dramatist], states, "'Afer' means in Berber: the inhabitant of Africa (Roman province of eastern North Africa (Tamazgha in Berber) which includes the present Tunisia and Libya). At the age of 5 Afer was sold as a slave to a grantor, Publius Lucanus, who will give him another name, Terentius, while keeping his original name Afer."
Wikipedia, "Terence" [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terence] states, "Publius Terentius Afer (195/185-159 BC), better known in English as Terence, was a playwright of the Roman Republic...Terence's ethnonym Afer suggests he lived in the territory of the Libyan tribe called by the Romans Afri near Carthage prior to being brought to Rome as a slave.[3] This inference is based on the fact that the term was used in two different ways during the republican era: during Terence's lifetime, it was used to refer to anyone from the land of the Afri (Africa, meaning Northern Tunisia including Carthage); later, after the destruction of Carthage in 146, it was used to refer to non-Carthaginian Berbero-Libyans, with the term Punicus reserved for the Carthaginians.[4] It is therefore possible that Terence was of Libyan[5] descent, considered ancestors to the modern-day Berber peoples.[6]
The footnotes to the Wikipedia article cite: [3] Tenney Frank, "On Suetonius' Life of Terence." The American Journal of Philology, Vol. 54, No. 3 (1933), pp. 269-273; [4] H. J. Rose, A Handbook of Latin Literature, 1954; [5] Michael von Albrecht, Geschichte der römischen Literatur, Volume 1, Bern, 1992; and, [6] "...the playwright Terence, who reached rome as the slave of a senator in the second century BC, was a Berber", Suzan Raven, Rome in Africa, Routledge, 1993, p.122; ISBN 0415081505.
NationMaster.com, "Numidia", [http://www.statemaster.com/encyclopedia/Numidia] states in part, "Numidia was an ancient Berber kingdom in North Africa that later alternated between a Roman province and a Roman client state, and is no longer in existence today...The name Numidia was first applied by Polybius and other historians during the 3rd century BC to indicate the territory west of Carthage, including the entire Maghreb as far as the river Mulucha (Muluya), about 100 miles west of Oran...The invasion of the Vandals in 428 AD began its slow decay, accompanied by desertification...Numidia was highly Romanized and was studded with numerous towns.
[The NationMaster article hyperlinks to another article "Berber people" [http://www.statemaster.com/encyclopedia/Berber-people] which list several famous Berbers of SCA period. It is notable that the names of these famous Berbers are either Arab or Arabicized, or Romanized.]
Kabylia info, "Apuleius (123 A.D - 180) the Famous Berber writer" [http://www.kabylia.info/apuleius-123-ad-180-famous-berber-writer/] contends that, "the Berber literature is not from today as some malicious evil-intentioned authors pretend, but actually goes back to many centuries ago, thus the Berber intellectuals have existed through all the ages in the history, although in the language of the others some performed an outstanding work of genius." [Wikipedia confirms that he wrote in Latin.]
Amazigh World, "Personalities" [http://www.amazighworld.org/history/index_categorie.php?page=2&categorie=personalities] lists about a dozen famous persons known to have been ethnically Berber. The names of most are either Arabicized or Romanized. The notable exception is Lalla Fatma N'Soumer, a 19th c. female leader, whose name follows the submitted naming pattern. The linked article about her [http://www.amazighworld.org/history/index_show.php?id=1828] states, "Lalla Fatma N'Soumer, heroine of the Djurdjura, was born in a village near Ain El Hammam in 1830, the year when the French occupied Algeria. Her real name was Fatma Sid Ahmed. The nickname, N'Soumer, was given to her because of her piety and strength and because she lived in the village of Soumer."
The submitter goes on to say:
The Berber language is not a modern invention. Berber can be considered the "aboriginal language" of North Africa given that there is not evidence for a substratum predating or coexisting with Berber, and Berber has been present in the area since the first accounts.The written version is documented as early as 2nd century BC, though the ancient Berber script may be six or seven hundred years older than that based on indirect sources. The scripts (only) of the languages, Tifinagh, are of Punic (Phoenician) origin. The oral language has many tribal dialects but there is a common recognized language structure.
The submitter offers the following in support of her statement:
Maarten G. Kossmann and Harry J. Stroomer, "Berber Phonology" is primarily a treatise on the phonology of the Berber language but includes the following paragraph on the history of written Berber:
The oldest epigraphic records that perhaps represent a form of Berber are the so-called Libyco-Berber inscriptions. They stem from the pre-Islamic penod and are found mainly in Tunisia and Algeria, but also in Morocco. These inscriptions are undated and difficult to interpret. The script in which they were written resembles the so-called Tifinagh script, still in use among the Touaregs. There is some regional variety in the shape of the characters. The Arabic script is also used for writmg Berber. There is a longstanding tradition of writing Tashelhit in Arabic characters. The Roman script is used for scientific and practical purposes.
Wikipedia, "Berber languages" [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_languages] gives a general overvew of Berber grammar, focusing primarily on the declension of Berber nouns.
Omniglot, "Ancient Berber script" [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/berber.htm] gives normalized versions of the various glyphs used in ancient Berber inscriptions and states:
The ancient Berber script is probably based on or derived from the Punic script, with some influence from the South Arabian and North Arabian scripts. The earliest inscriptions for which the dates are known were inscribed sometime during the 2nd century BC, though the ancient Berber script may be six or seven hundred years older than that. The script was until at least the 3rd century AD, possibly later.From the 12th century onwards, Berber languages were written with the Arabic abjad. There are also some Berber texts in the Hebrew abjad written by Berber Jews. A version of the Berber script, known as Neo-Tifinagh is still used to some extent in Morocco.
Regarding the construction pattern of the submitted name, the submitter states, "In the Berber language to indicate someone is OF (from, belonging to, has the characteristics of) a person/place or thing (ethnonym) n' is used (in lower case, I wanted to clarify this as it was a topic of discussion on my previous submission)..." She lists full names contructions as follows:
Amuddu n Umsiggel, Amuddu of Umsiggel
Augustine n Thegaste, Augustine of Thegaste
Apuleis n Maduros, Apuleis of Maduros
Adrar n Idraren, mountain of mountains
Tala n Tilut, the fountain of the female elephant
Tassili n Azjer, plateau of bulls
Tazult n Lambese, courage of lambese (note lambese is not a berber word, Lambese was the Roman name of the garrison town of the Third Augustan Legion)
In support of this, the submitter offers Alexander Knox, Glossary of geographical and topographical terms (London: Edward Stanford, 1904) [http://books.google.com/books?id=D4Cv2uIG3QQC], p. xviii. This material does discuss the Berber N but not as a preposition. The paragraphs cited discuss the softening of Berber consonants between Northern, Middle and Southern Berber dialects, and also discusses the use of -n as a plural marker.
Anya Weghlis, "Amazigh Toponymy" (The Amazigh Voice, Volume 7, number 2, Spring 1998, pp. 12-15) [http://www.frebend.com/forum/read.php3?f=1&i=14927&t=14927&v=f] states, "Toponymy is particularly important in the study of the history and civilization of the first occupants of the places concerned because, generally speaking, place names rarely change. Even their phonetic evolution hardly ever leads to radical modifications in the pronunciation and spelling. North Africa is a case in point. In Algeria and Morocco, for instance, most places have retained their Amazigh names throughout the centuries, though a large number has been corrupted by the French and the Spaniards during their colonization of Algeria and Morocco." The article procedes with a concise glossary of Amazigh toponyms, including s.n. Doukkala:
Doukkala: Name of a great plain on the Atlantic coast of Morocco situated between the towns of Azemmour and Asafi. It is also the name of the confederation inhabiting the region. Doukkala is composed of two Amazigh words "ddaw" (under) and "akal" (soil, land), hence the meaning "lowland" or "plain."
Formations making use of the preposition n include among others:
S.v. Adrar: Adrar n Ifoghas
S.n. Oum Rbia: Asif n Isaffen "river of rivers"
S.v. Talut: Tala n Tilut (the fountain of the female elephant in Oran )
S.n. Tassili n Azjer: Region in the Algeria desert. "Tassili" means plateau and "Azjer" (Azger) means "bull."
S.v. Tizi: Means "pass" in Tamazight. Hundreds of places in North Africa bear this name. Examples include Tizi Ouzou, Tizi Ghennif, Tizi Hibel in Algeria and Tizi n Tast, Tizi n Tishkka, Tizi n Talghumt, Tizi n Takusht, and Tizi n Isli in Morocco.
As for the given name...
Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series, Volume 4 (1834) [http://www.archive.org/download/transactionsofam04amer/transactionsofam04amer.pdf] Article One, "On the Berber Language", page 37, states, "…the Carthaginians could not, in the nature of things have imparted their language to this continenent: the punic origin of the Berber may therefore be abandoned. Were additional proof required, the Berber names of individuals might be adduced. No connection subsists between then and those of the Carthaginians recorded in history. These appellations have been obtained with great difficulty; for the kabyles (berber) bear Arabic names, as well as Berber, and these they conceal with pertinacity among the Moors (Arabs), conceiving them to be contrary to the true faith (Islam)..." The article goes on to list masculine and feminine names obtained by the author. The feminine names given are:
Thafookt, light of the sun
Thezeree, moon light
Thefeddoonith, above the earth
Thezemerth, lamb
Thunes,tunis
Thesomtha, pillow
Theziziveeth, bee
Theskooth, partridge
Note that the th represents the softened variant of the more northern t.
The crux of the letters presented is that the Berber language is not of Punic origin but is rather aboriginal to the area, and may display similarities to Egyptian.
Other sections of this work trace placenames from ancient texts to modern (at the time of the article) placenames and draw the conclusion that the toponomy of the region has remained largely stable since ancient times.
Djaafar Messaoudi, Kabylia info, "A short list of Amazigh persons' proper names" [http://www.kabylia.info/short-list-amazigh-persons%E2%80%99-proper-names] states in part:
I myself did a research work on the Berber onomastics and gathered then created a long list from which I took the ones I will expose hereafter. My children, each time after a week's or more struggle against the Algerian administration, do officially carry Amazigh names: Zeddgan (the pure), Tamazgha (Berber land), Tafrara (dawn).Under female names, the entry for the submitted name reads, "Tafrara: "Dawn", or maybe "distinction" from the verb ifrir meaning to be distinct / unique."
The submitter lists as a resource, Francis William Newman, "Libyan Vocabulary: An Essay Towards Reproducing The Ancient Numidian Language, Out Of Four Modern Tongues" (London: Teübnee & Co., 1882) [http://www.fwnewman.org/Library/Works/LPO/LibyanVocab.pdf] but does not cite any particular passage.
Wikipedia, "Doukkala" [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doukkala], states in part:
Doukkala...is a natural region of Morocco, included in the province of El Jadida and in the Abda-Doukkala administrative region.It is a plain going from the Atlantic Ocean, south of Oum Er-Rbia River up to some 50 km further southward and the same distance eastward, inside the country."
Historically, "Doukkala" was referred to as a berberic tribe which occupied a large territory, from Anfa (Casablanca) to Massa and Taroudant. But they revolted against Almohad kings in the 12th century. About 1160, the Almohad ruler Abd al-Mu'min settled there arabic tribes. [1]
Since the 16th century, the name "Doukkala" is no longer used for a tribe, but for a natural region.
Islam in tribal societies: from the Atlas to the Indus By Akbar S. Ahmed, David M. Hart [http://books.google.com/books?id=ra89AAAAIAAJ], pp. 86-87, states in part:
[T] Dukkala of the Atlantic Coastal Plains behind El Jadida (Mazagan)...constitute the largest, by far, of our three groups, with over 360,000 population in 1960; and they are the only 'Arab' and Makhzan group so far discussed...Precision on the question of Dukkala origins is difficult - about all that can be said is that the majority of them are descended from the Banu Hilal, that immense wave of bedouin which swept across North Africa starting in the mid-eleventh century. (38) And like many or most of the Gharb and Atlantic coastal tribes, the Dukkala persist today as sedentarized or semi-sedentarized bedouin...
Historical dictionary of Morocco By Thomas Kerlin Park, Aomar Boum [http://books.google.com/books?id=8KiCl5-MxMMC] p. 106, s.n. Doukkala states:
Doukkala [dukkâla]. Traditionally the dukkâla were a confederation comprising the ragrâga, hazmîra, banû dghûgh, banû mâgir, mushtarayya, and the SanHâja. The classic location for the dukkâla was the area bordered by the Oum er-Rabia and Tensift rivers and the Atlantic. After the early immigrations by al-ma'gil (13th-14th century) only the ragrâga remained intact. The ragrâga legend has it that seven ragrâga went to Mecca and spoke in Berber with the prophet muHammad and then returned to Morocca bringing Islam to the Maghrib before the Idrisids or anyone else. Today the dukkâla as such do not exist, though the region around al-jadîda is referred to as the Doukkall and several cities (e.g., Essaoiura and Marrakech) have gates named bâb dukkâla.
19: Violante de Luna - New Name & New Device
Azure, three crescents inverted argent.
Submitter desires a feminine name.
No major changes.
Sound most important.
Violante - Juliana de Luna (Julia Smith), "Spanish Names from the Late 15th Century: Women's Names in Alphabetical Order" [http://heraldry.sca.org/heraldry/laurel/names/isabella/WomensGivenAlpha.html] lists five occurrences of this form in the data set of 456 women.
de Luna - Juliana de Luna (Julia Smith), "Spanish Names from the Late 15th Century: Names from the Account Books of Isabel la Catolica (1477-1504, mostly 1483-1504) Locative Surnames" [http://heraldry.sca.org/heraldry/laurel/names/isabella/locative.html] lists de Luna.
Herald of Record: Caitriona inghean Ui Bhraonain